What different views of the Duke are presented in acts 1-3?

Written in the early 17th century, ‘Measure for Measure' was one of the many plays that Shakespeare wrote to entertain his King, which at the time was James I. Shakespeare used this play to present his own views of the King, and his ideals of a King through his presentation of the Duke Vincentio. A more complex character than first believed, Shakespeare transforms the Duke throughout the play. As the Duke set out on a quest to not only escape the pressures of his role, but to learn from his experiences and find himself. The Duke is the first person to speak; this is one of Shakespeare's common techniques to indicate who he deems most important in the play. Even if it appears that the story evolves around the character of Angelo, under the surface it is evident that the Duke is the catalyst behind it all. At the start of the play we see that the Duke is a man with general morals, complimenting the people under him. This is Shakespeare showing us from the start that he wishes the Duke to be seen as a good man. In the first scene we learn that for the head of a city he does not enjoy being in the public eye, â€Å"I love the people, but do not like to stage me to their eyes†. This quote also shows us that he is an honourable and caring Duke as he loves his people, but he doesn't have the confidence to assert his authority. In the beginning of the play the view of the Duke is formulated to be that he is nice but a little spineless; allowing his streets to be filled with sin, â€Å"bawds†, â€Å"thief's†. To re-enforce the opinion that Duke is honourable, Shakespeare makes the Duke accept fault for the state that the town is in, â€Å"'twas my fault to give the people scope†, although he still doesn't do anything about it. When the Duke is talking to Pompey in act three scene two, we see a different character emerging. From his ‘real life' experience he appears to have gathered confidence and is beginning to show signs of authority, he calls Pompey a â€Å"wicked bawd† to tell him how disappointed he was with him. However these new found urges have to be suppressed as he is under the guise of the Friar, so he uses religious references to voice his feelings instead, † if the devil have given thee proofs for sin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Shakespeare uses verse here to emphasise the seriousness as it is more rhythmic and emphasised by the stresses in the line due to iambic pentameter. By the end of act three, the Duke is almost ready to take the reigns back of Angelo, as he has reached a point where he knows what a leader should be, and has gathered the knowledge and confidence to assert himself; â€Å"He who the sword of heaven will bear should be as holy as severe†. In Shakespeare's time, Kings were the closest thing to Gods and therefore had to be perfect role models. Here the Duke is saying that they should be perfectly balanced; as good and moral as they are strict. However the Duke shows a darker side of him, perhaps the slight edge of coldness needed to rule successfully, but nevertheless the Duke creates his own amusement whilst under the guise of the Friar to control the characters to carry out his plan. Although this was done to benefit his people, as he protected the almost innocent and also teach the guilty a lesson. Shakespeare deliberately manipulates the audience's opinion o the Duke throughout the play as the character himself changes drastically from start to finish. Firstly we see his understudies having great respect for him, â€Å"always obedient to your grace's will†. However in act three it becomes clear to the audience that the townspeople only like him because they are allowed to do as they please. The character of Lucio personifies the feelings of the townspeople when he tells the Duke himself, (disguised as the friar) that he doesn't doubt the intelligence or honour of the Duke, calling him â€Å"wise†; although also referring to him as, â€Å"Avery superficial, ignorant, unweighing fellow†. Thus clarifying that the townspeople don't know the Duke and moreover that the Duke doesn't know them, â€Å"ignorant†. There is debate however that Lucio is aware that is the Duke and is deliberately making use of this to voice his true opinions of him, or perhaps merely for his own amusement as Lucio is a joker type character. However it could be countered by saying that this is too intelligent for Lucio and this is simply a comedic scene as Lucio is ‘putting his foot in his mouth'. Shakespeare makes the Duke speak in verse here, serving multiple purposes; firstly because it is more relaxed as the scene is a comedy. Secondly because it is a scene to move the story of the play on and verse would take to long to do this. We also gather the character of Escalus' opinion of the Duke whilst he is still disguised, although it is great contrast to Lucio's. The character of Escalus appears as the wise old advocate, pointing out straight away one of the key themes of the entire play and also one of the main reasons that the Duke went into hiding; â€Å"above all other strifes contended especially to know himself†. It is also debated that Escalus was aware of the disguise and knew exactly what he was doing, yet in this case it is more likely to be the case, as Escalus is the ‘right-hand-man'. This theory is reinforced by the fact that Escalus then compliments the Duke, knowing that revealing the fact that the Duke's inner most fears are visible to someone else, he provides a comforter, â€Å"Rather rejoicing to see another merry, than merry at anything which professed to make him rejoice†. Meaning that the Duke would rather see others happy than be happy himself. I feel that the true opinion of the Duke lies somewhere in between Lucio's and Escalus' views, as he was ignorant of the townspeople, however he is wise and very caring, shown in how he deals with Angelo at the end of the play.

Alexander the Great vs Napoleon Bonaparte, What I Got so Far

When we think of Alexander the Great, we think of an outstanding war hero. When we think of Napoleon Bonaparte, we think, again, of an outstanding war hero. If a random person were asked who either of these rulers was, their first response would be a fact about war. Alexander and Napoleon share similarities in their warfare, and how they used it to conquer and establish new lands. Alexander the Great’s strong perseverance and incredible battle strategies led to increase his power over his empire. Napoleon used his intelligence and skill of manipulation to earn respect and support from the French people, which gained him great power.Both men had similar qualities attaining leadership but their strategies to reach this were very different. Alexander the Great was King of Macedon, a state located in Northern Greece. Aristotle tutored him until the age of 16, and by the age of 30 he had created one of the largest empires in the ancient world. As he was undefeated in battle, Alexan der is considered as one of history’s most successful military commanders and his battles and strategies are still taught at military schools worldwide. Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was born on a bright July day in 356 B.C. and died in June of 323 B. C. During his lifetime he was: King of Macedonia (336-323), Pharaoh of Egypt (332-323), King of Persia (330-323), and the King of Asia (331-323). From reading that alone, it is known that he was a conqueror and successful ruler. Alexander was the son of his predecessor Phillip II who passed away in 336 B. C. leaving the throne, a strong kingdom, and a very experienced army to Alexander. Alexander was awarded to be general of Greece and went on to complete his father’s military expansion plans. With this set up now, King Alexander wasted no time.In 334 B. C. he invaded the Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a campaign lasting roughly ten years. During this campaign, specifically the battl es of Issus and Gaugamela, Alexander had broken the powers of Persia. Alexander the Great went on to overthrow King Darius III to conquer the entirety of the Persian Empire and now has a kingdom that reigns from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River. That wasn’t enough for King Alexander; he wanted to reach the â€Å"ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea†. With this, he set off to invade India in 326 B. C. but was orced to turn around at the expense of his troops. Alexander the Great died in Babylon in 323 B. C. ; in years following his death many civil wars broke out and tore apart his empire. Many years later, in a galaxy far far away, on the date of August 15, 1769 another war hero and emperor was born, Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon reigned over the French from May 18, 1804 to April 11, 1814 and ruled Italy over the years from March 17, 1805 to April 11, 1814. Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, set up Napoleonic Code; it was a major influence in civil law jurisdict ions.Napoleon is best recognized for his role in the wars against France, known as the Napoleonic Wars. His success in these multiple battles led Napoleon to be known as one of the best military leaders of all time. His strategies and campaigns are studied at military schools around the world. Napoleon Bonaparte was born into a family of noble Italian ancestry. Napoleon settled in Corsica in the 16th century and later was trained as an artillery officer at a prestigious military school in France, where they most likely talked of Alexander the Great’s military conquests and strategies.In 1799, Napoleon staged a â€Å"coup d’etat† and made himself first consul. 5 years later the French proclaimed him emperor where he engaged in a series of battles, as said before these were known as the Napoleonic Wars. These wars involved every major power in Europe; after Napoleon’s many victories France maintained a dominant position of authority amongst the continent of Europe. In 1812, the French invasion of Russia and the Peninsula War were turning points in Napoleon’s career. Napoleon’s army was heavily damaged nor ever fully recovered.Just a year later, the 6th Coalition defeated what was left of Napoleon’s army and further invaded France, forced Napoleon to give up the throne, and exiled him to the island Elba. After a year of being exiled, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France where he gained back control. It was only for a short period of time, until he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He spent the last four years of his life in confinement on another island, Saint Helena, where he died of stomach cancer.

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay The article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Explanation of Interventions, written by Whiston, S., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., and Eder, K. is research done to show if certain interventions and techniques used by school counselors are effective. The article discussed two types of studies, one with controlled comparisons and another involving pre and posttest differences. The article began with the history of counseling and the model counselors are using. Campbell and Dahir’s (as cited in Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011), â€Å"specified that school counselors should coordinate a program that facilitates academic, career, and personal social development†. Many schools and counselors have been following Gysber’s and Henderson’s model which has four program components supported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). They include guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. There has been limited research done on these components to conclude if the interventions are effective. â€Å"A major problem with the reviews of school counseling is that they are not able to indicate the degree to which school counseling interventions influence student outcome† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder (2011). In the article there were some major strengths and gains. There was evidence that specific interventions work with certain groups. The research also supports the need for school counselor to be more involved with all students, since there is a positive effect when students have been working with a guidance counselor. Yet, we still need more  research in the elementary level to see how we can support the younger students more effectively. There were also some major limitations noted about the study. This included not having enough supported information on how the interventions or treatments were conducted, missing valuable information, not having reliable standardized assessments, not following up to see how the interventions helped, and the study was done with only specific interventions. They also concluded that there were specific gains in certain areas, but could not identify how they got those results. The conclusions of the studies indicate that students who receive services from a counselor scored higher on standardized test. Counseling also helped with discipline, problem solving, and career knowledge compared to students not receiving any interventions. This shows the importance of having a school counselor and the role they play in making a difference in the lives they touch. Both studies indicated the â€Å"effectiveness of a balance approach to school counseling that provides a guidance curriculum to all students and responsive services that respond to students’ issues† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011). In this study we can see how important a school counselor is to students facing difficult issues. It is noted how some interventions can help a student be successful with academics, social interactions, and behavior. After reading this article I can see how effective counseling can be for all students. As an elementary teacher I will try to use a strategic comprehensive guidance program and data to guide my instruction. Using information from teachers, parents and administration I can plan my lessons to better meet the needs of students. Following up with students and keeping data on interventions will be a priority. References: Whiston, S. C., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., & Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome: A meta†analytic examination of interventions. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 37-55. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00059.x Article Review. (2016, Apr 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Industrial Unrest in Abu Dhabi Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial Unrest in Abu Dhabi - Case Study Example The fact that the parties involved are willing to come to the table and have a civil discussion is also very encouraging. This is a good indicator that the conflict will soon be put to rest. Willingness to talk and negotiate is the first step to solving any conflict. There is quite a range of weaknesses in the labor environment in the Abu Dhabi as shown by several surveys some of which were sparked by the recent strikes by worker most of who are migrants. One thing that contributes to the weakened working conditions is that there seems to be a breakdown in communication between the employers and employees. Whether deliberate or not it is a major cause of employee unrest (Williams, 2014).The workers seem to think that their employees are insensitive to their plight. There have been massive complaints about low pay and deplorable living conditions. The fact that the strikes caught the companies by surprise points to miscommunication or a total lack of it. Workers claim that their wages have remained the same for a long time despite changes in the working and economic environment which puts them at a disadvantage. They are agitating for an appraisal of their salaries in order to afford to continue working. The low wages can be attributed to the fact that there is availability of cheap labour as if the was scarcity of labour these companies would pay better without the need for strikes. Workers here also complain of poor living condition with a majority claiming to live in cramped spaces. Claims of six or more workers having to share living quarters are not uncommon. This they say they have had enough of hence the decision to strike, illegal as this may be. There are quite a few opportunities for labor sector to thrive but they will call for major changes within the sector if they are to be achieved (International, 2013).  

Summary of book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book - Essay Example These images present readers with printed and verbal vocabulary required by specialists, public representatives, and residents to analyze the unregulated expansion of the American urban landscape (Hayden 2006). The book is a definitive narrative of contemporary words used by today’s architects and designers. A printed and visual dictionary for today’s property developers is necessary for keeping up with the pace of modern housing and all other physical elements that go with it. Metropolitan areas in the United States are structured around sustainable growth, where new expansive regions of vehicle-based buildings prosper while older districts fade away (Hayden 2006). Each of the images come with brief descriptions of their backgrounds in relation to their respective designers, as well as how they affect neighboring real estates. The transition from sprawl to sustainable urban settings causes Americans to resist sprawl guidelines or designs. In the process, challenging economic powers to pursue a steady and incorporated urban environment has not yet forfeited the mindless growth of

The International Trade in Antiquities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The International Trade in Antiquities - Essay Example This trade cuts across local thieves to larger international looting networks. These include auction houses in the US, Asia, Middle East and Europe. It is difficult to quantify this trade but it is estimated at four billion dollars annually. Looted antiquities are illegally moved across many borders, changing hands many times before reaching their final destination. This makes their origins very difficult to trace. These antiques end up with museums and privare collectors. Ownership history is then fictitiously given to the antiques. False documents are also made to prove authenticity of the antiquities, to give assurance that that the antiquity's origin is legitimate. Despite numerous attempts to tighten control from law enforcers worldwide, this trade continues. It is boosted by the developing technology and the advanced market. For example, the online auction sites have made controlling this trade very difficult. This paper examines the two positions. The proponents include traders and middlemen while the opponents are archaeologists, conservationists, law enforcement agencies and historians. It then evaluates the strong points in both arguments against weak ones. Proponents' position Proponents argue that trading in antiquities is economically beneficial to the local communities that are economically surviving. They further argue that placing restrictions or illegalizing this trade will not change this situation but only place it underground. Israel's case study Israel has a rich heritage in archaeology. It is however facing constant erosion by illegal excavators to meet a rising demand for these items. The antiquities authority in this country has an electronic database of more than 14,000 sites. Thousands of these sites have been eroded. The destruction has sparked a controversy in Israel between the government agencies and the traders. The authority demands a change of the law since it currently allows trading in antiquities. It has a strong belief that by outlawing this trading, the traders will be unable to operate within Israel and thefts within the archaeological sites will be stopped (Blum, 2008). The traders on the other hand maintain that by passing the law, this trade will continue but now underground as is the case in Jordan, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus and Greece. The IAA established a Theft Prevention Unit in 1985 with a mandate to prevent theft from these sites and monitor the trading in these antiquities. It was granted the power to search arrest and carry out investigations for any commercial operations in the field. According to Ya'akovi, 144 people were caught illegally excavating on ancient sites in the year 1995. The IAA is also authorized to make decisions on who gets and who does not get the license to engage in this trade. Currently there are authorized dealers and their turnover adds to approximately five million dollars yearly. The Antiquities law of 1978 was very effective in nationalizing antiquities for their protection. Article 2(c) asserts that if an antiquity is found after the enforcement of this law, it will

Shoes manufacturer Skills Footwear in Sri Lanka Dissertation

Shoes manufacturer Skills Footwear in Sri Lanka - Dissertation Example g the employees 12 2.2.3.4 Ensure employee satisfaction 12 2.2.3.5 Consult stakeholders 13 2.3 Motivational theories 13 2.3.1 Maslow’s need Hierarchy 14 2.3.1.1Safety needs 15 2.3.1.2 Social needs 15 2.3.1.3 Esteem needs 15 2.3.1.4 Self-actualization 16 2.3.2 Adam’s Equity Theory 16 2.3.3 Vroom’s Expectation Theory 17 2.3.4 Two Factor Theories-McGregor 17 2.3.5 Balanced scorecard 18 2.3.5.1 Meeting the demand and production level 19 2.4 Types of Motivation 21 2.4.1 Intrinsic motivation 21 2.4.2 Extrinsic Motivation 21 2.5. Incentives 22 2.5.1 Financial Incentives 23 2.5.2 Non-financial incentives 23 2.6 The Ansoff Matrix 24 2.6.1 New product development 25 Chapter 3 –Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Role of the researcher 26 3.3 Research design 28 3.4 Sampling 29 3.5 Conducting the research 29 3.6 The questionnaire method 30 3.7 The questionnaire design 31 3.8 Data types 32 3.9 Data collection procedure 33 3.10 Trustworthiness of the methodology 33 3 .10.1 Reliability 33 3.10.2 Validity 34 3.10.3 Ethical validity 34 3.10.4 Generalized validity 34 Chapter 4 Data Analysis and discussion 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Descriptive statistics 35 4.3 Employees Relationship Management and employees satisfaction (ES)38 4.4 internal business environment (IBE) and employees satisfaction (ES)43 4.5 Extrinsic motivators factors (Ext_Fac)Â  and employees satisfaction (ES)47 4.6 Discussion 50 Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction 51 5.1.2 Conclusion 51 5.2 Recommendations 59 5.2.1 Introduction 59 5.2.2 Motivation to the employees 59 5.2.3 financial motivation 60 5.2.3.1 financial incentives 60 5.2.3.2 Creativity and new product development 60 5.2.3.3 highest production level reward 60 5.2.3.4 Incentives for non-absenteeism 61 5.2.4 Non-financial motivators 61 5.2.4. 1 Organizational... The intention of this study is Skills Footwear & Co. that was established in 1980 and has the core business of manufacturing men’s footwear products for the local market. The firm was very successful primarily due to its competitive edge of the exemplary quality, competitively priced products and sustainable volumes of the products produced. Moreover, according to Lloyd the firm’s competitive advantage was its skilled labor and workmanship as the products were fully handmade. The organization had a total of 110 employees who reported to their middle level managers who reported to the entrepreneur thus having a comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. The operational level workers were on daily wages, which were the industry average rates. The management however received monthly wages. The Sri Lankan shoe industry has a total of 30 medium scaled and 3000 small-scaled manufacturers. The industry produces a wide range of shoes from canvas, sports and leather shoes and is also exporting finished products to EU and USA. As per a research done by the Development of Board Sri Lanka, the shoe industry witnessed a decline from 2007 onwards but the 2010 witnessed a surge in the export market due to the growth in the local tourist sector. However, the workforce in the industry is an issue. This is because the firm is making shoes completely by hand. But this is a difficult task and most firms have not incorporated technology into the process of production, which is not very lucrative for the workmen.

The need for for formal government regulation to ensure societal Essay

The need for for formal government regulation to ensure societal checks and balances on perhaps wayward corporations - Essay Example The need for changes in management structure was particularly evident after HIH incident when the board composed of the chief executive’s friends and associates failed to assess effectively the management performance, deterring non-executive directors from controlling processes inside the company. (Siladi, 2006 ) As trust towards company insiders as well as to auditors, analysts or regulators was shattered, governments started to think over regulations which would prevent such unfair practices. Different countries responded differently to the problem of inadequate corporate governance system. While Australia and the UK have issued recommendations based on ‘comply and explain’ principle, the USA has introduced more severe measures where non-compliance results in criminal punishment. The US Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 set firm regulations for senior management, non-compliance with which results in 20 years of imprisonment and fines up to $5 million. (Loeb 2005) Many countries reviewed their regulations concerning the work of the directors. The recommendations or regulations issued in each of countries converge in several issues concerning directors: the presence of independent non-executive directors in the board, participation of non-executives in nomination and remuneration committees, control and decision-making function of the executives, their fair remuneration. Loeb, L. Executive Summary: Sarbanes-Oxley: Worse than No Solution at All? Available at Ziff Davis CIO Insight. 2005 http://www.cioinsight.com/c/a/Past-News/Executive-Summary-SarbanesOxley-Worse-than-No-Solution-at-All/ [accessed 17 Dec.

Esl423 8 practium experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Esl423 8 practium experience - Essay Example They used the Wilson Fundations book for Word Work. It’s an excellent book as there is a suggested weekly plan provided for the study material. This certainly helps the teacher pace the class. For Reading, there was a new story everyday. I believe this practice of reading everyday would help them achieve that objective. Their objective was to identify concepts of print by distinguishing letters from words and recognizing that the latter are separated by spaces. My concern is the efficiency of the ‘read back’ exercise. Done as a group, it is difficult to check if a particular student was actually reading or just mimicking the others. I also encourage both oral and silent reading like Mrs. Beach. The Free Reading for 15 minutes was satisfactory, too. It allowed the students to test their reading skills on their own. One of the SIOP components encourages hands-on materials or manipulatives for student practice. (Haynes, 2004) Writing was the last part of the class. T o me, it served to assess the students’ reading as well as develop their writing skills. However, maybe the exercise should not be limited to journal writing only as they are still very young. They could also write short letters. Or, make short stories by writing simple sentences for a sequence of pictures. The SIOP component of Practice and Application was evident in this class because the language skills were integrated in the activities such as reading back, journal writing, discussion & oral reading. There were other SIOP components in play, too, like preparation and lesson

Beatrice and Catherine Essay Example for Free

Beatrice and Catherine Essay At the beginning of the scene Beatrice and Catherine are attempting to make the atmosphere relaxed, by diverting the conversation away from Rodolfo, onto subjects that they believe will not give Eddie any reason to confront Rodolfo. Eddie however is unable to restrain from showing his contempt for Rodolfo. He does this by shouting at Rodolfo because Rodolfo said lemons are green which is not even remotely offensive to anyone. Eddie replies by saying for Christs sake this suggests that eddies is annoyed that Rodolfo who he regards as an inferior corrected him this is because for Christs sake is a religious swearword. Beatrice reacts to this situation by again changing the conversation to another subject. Eddie then begins to antagonize Marco by suggesting that his wife may have been un-loyal to him. Eddie does this by saying I betcha theres plenty of surprises. Marco responds to this situation by showing his confidence and trust in his wife he says no no the women wait. Eddie shows his anger towards Rodolfo by pouncing on the situation. On the previous page Rodolfo says its more strict in our town its not so free. Eddie uses this statement as an excuse to let out his anger. Eddie says drag off some girl the word girl suggests that he is talking about Catherine whilst the word drag tells us that Rodolfo is taking her out against her will. This however is not true so Beatrice says he didnt exactly drag her off . Marco reacts by cautiously agreeing, as if he suspects that Eddie might drag him into something, to everything Eddie says. At the top of page 39 there I an awkwardness which has bean caused by eddies statement at the end of page 38 in which he says but I understood Marco that you was coming here to make a living for your family. This obviously annoys Marco because as we have read earlier he stressed the fact that he misses his wife tremendously. The audience expects the awkwardness to be resolved by a further change in conversation by either Beatrice or Catharine. The characters on stage by doing the exact opposite that the audience expects. Catharine decides to incise the situation by saying you wanna dance, Rodolfo. After Catharine says this Eddie shows his disappointment by freezing as if he can not believe what he has just heard. Rodolfo who had been instructed by Marco to keep Eddies best interests at heart refuses. Beatrice is the only character to recognize that if Eddie was not present Rodolfo would jump at the chance to dance with Catharine so she gives Rodolfo some much needed encouraged by saying go ahead dance Rodolfo. Eddies speech and actions on the top half of page 40 increase the dramatic tension because whilst he sarcastically talks about how lucky Rodolfo is he is unconsciously twisting the newspaper up and then tearing it into two. This gives us the impression that Eddie imagines the newspaper as Rodolfo and therefore is doing to the newspaper what he wants to do to Rodolfo. Eddies real intentions are reveled in the stage direction he is weirdly elated, rubbing his fists into his palms this suggests that Eddie is massaging his fists as people usually do before getting into a fight this gives me the impression that Eddie wants to beat up Rodolfo. The dramatic tension increases on pg 40 and 41 of eddies sudden change of attitude towards Rodolfo. Instead of criticizing Rodolfo at every available opportunity like he has done earlier on in the play he begins to become friendlier towards him. The dramatic tension also increases because of eddies sudden decision to teach Rodolfo how to box . When Eddie punches Rodolfo the characters react in many different ways Catherine rushes towards Rodolfo in order to see if he is all right. Beatrice dosents see anything but the sportsmanship but nevertheless decide that for the moment that is enough. Eddie reacts by suggesting that he and Rodolfo should box again but whilst saying this he is uncouncensioly rubbing his fists together this suggests that he cannot wait to beat up Rodolfo again. The effect of eddies punching of Rodolfo is that become certain that something big will happen soon because they realize the true hatred inside Eddie. When Marco challenges Eddie to lift up the chair Eddie reacts by taking marcos challenge as a joke . the audience however realize that marco is trying to tell eddie that although he respects him when it comes down to the wire blood is thicker then water and that he will not hesitate to defend his brother Rodolfo. The action on page 42 reflects the change of power in the carbone household because the carbone household now ujnderstand that Marco is the most powerful person in the house. Miller ends act 1 in what is a fundamental scene of the play this is because it shows the transfer of power. Also this scene is important because it ends in a sort of mini-cliffhanger which increases the audiences expectations that something will happen when the curtains rise again.

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty Powerlessness is a cause and effect of poverty because people living in absolute poverty often have no political power and is subjected to exploitation by the state. They lack protection, and report widespread corruption within state education and health care systems. Poor people in many countries speak of being kept waiting endlessly while the rich of the country go to the head of the queue. Situations like these create more problems for that already in absolute poverty, and continue to divide the rich from the poor without providing any help. The problem with a lack of voice and power as a cause of poverty is that it enforces a lack of voice and power as an effect of poverty, creating a continuous cycle that deliberately separates the poor of a country from the rich. The last major cause and effect of poverty is vulnerability. Natural disasters, economic crises, and conflict leave the poor very vulnerable, with nobody to help and a lack of resources to use to help themselves. This idea is best expressed through the story of a poor villager from Benin, in the World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Three years ago was a very bad year. The flood washed away all our crops, and there was a lot of hunger around here, to the point that many people actually died of hunger. They must have been at least a dozen, mostly children and old people. Nobody could help them. Their relatives in the village had no food either; nobody had enough food for his own children, let alone the food for the children of his brother or cousin. And few had a richer relative somewhere else who could help. This is a perfect example of the vulnerability that is both a cause and effect of poverty. The relatively poor can become the poorest through disasters, both eco nomic and natural, and conflict, which causes more vulnerability that affects their ability to escape poverty. Poverty and conflict are often closely linked. In many developing countries there are huge contrasts in access to power and control of resources, leading to a sense of powerlessness within the poor of the country. This unfair distribution of wealth, power and often land creates conflict, as those with the advantage battle the disadvantaged in order to maintain their advantages. In El Salvador, during the 1980s, Oxfam worked to alleviate poverty and suffering intensified by years of armed conflict. The roots of this conflict lay in the unequal distribution of power, wealth and resources. Poverty causes, and is effected by, many different other global issues. A set of international development goals were created by the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, to address inequities in income, education, access to health care and the inequalities between men and women. In 2000 these goals were updated and the United Nations Millennium Declaration committed all countries to doing everything possible to eradicate poverty, promote human dignity and equality, and achieve peace, environmental sustainability, and democracy. At this time approximately 1.2 billion people were living on less than $1 (U.S) a day, with an additional 1.6 billion living on less that $2 (U.S) a day. The goal to reduce poverty was seen as an essential part of the way forward. It is crucial to understand why this is seen as a fundamental step and to do this one should look into some of the arguments aga inst helping the poor that philosophers and political theorists pose. The basic lifeboat ethics argument against helping the poor, argued by Garrett Hardin, states that the world is like a lifeboat. In a lifeboat there is a limit to how many people can be carried, and there is no fair way to choose from among those who need to come aboard. Therefore the only fair alternative is to let everyone who needs to come aboard drown. What Hardin is getting at is that we, the developed world, can not save every person, and therefore how can we fairly choose those that we do save and those that we do not. He argues that it would be much fairer to let everyone in absolute poverty die. Other arguments against helping the poor include Friedrich von Hayeks Game of Catalaxy. Hayeks theory stems from a liberal laissez-faire view of the global economy. He believed that the global market should characterized by a spontaneous order that happens when individuals pursue their own ends within a framework set by law and tradition. Hayek goes on to argue that his Game of Catalaxy is a game of skill and all players within the global market are different and therefore not all can win. The winners, he believed, won because they took certain chances and therefore deserved to win, while the losers deserved to lose. Therefore, according to Hayek, countries that have problems with absolute poverty have played the Game of Catalaxy and lost, and deserve to lose. Theoretically these countries will continue to play the game and if they take certain chances they may eventually win. This theory may work but meanwhile the problem of absolute poverty is affecting the rest of the world and therefore we cannot ignore it, or let the Game of Catalaxy sort it out. As Ambassador Jams head Marker, the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, says, We are all now in the same lifeboat. The continued health of the North [developed, rich countries] depends on the survival and sustainable development of the South [less developed, poorer countries]. Beyond this argument is a belief that food is a basic human right. If hunger is a cause and effect of poverty and food is a basic human right, then theoretically every country should be doing everything within their power to reduce poverty and create a well-nourished world. This argument is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations believes that food is a basic human right. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration is the only human rights declaration with universal in its name, and most countries have agreed on it. It can therefore be argued as a legitimate international agreement on the rights of all human beings. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Therefore, since the declaration is argued to be a legitimate international agreement on the rights of humans, it can be argued that food, along with other basic necessities, are basic human rights. The orthodox approach to development is the view held by many international regimes like the World Bank and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The basic concepts behind it are the ideas that the free-market system can create unlimited economic growth, that the Western liberal model and knowledge are superior to anything else, and the belief that the process of free-markets would benefit everyone. Theoretically economies would slowly take-off because of the free-market and from there on the wealth would work its way down to the people actually living in absolute poverty. To do this there would be a production of surplus, with individuals selling their lab our for money, as opposed to producing to meet their family and community needs. This orthodox method is known as the top-down liberal method and relies on external expert knowledge, technology, an expansion of privatization, and large capital investments. As already stated, the orthodox approach is based almost entirely on a monetary and material concept of poverty. In 2000: A Better World For All, the World Bank, United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that it is possible to cut poverty rates in half by 2015 if countries follow policies that both reduce social and gender inequalities and, most importantly, create income-earning opportunities for the poor. This is the key for, and a perfect example of, the orthodox approach to development. The UNDP Human Development Report 2003 states that there are six basic policies that should be implemented in order to help the countries reduce poverty. Firstly countries should invest early and ambitiously in basic education and health while fostering gender equality. These are preconditions to sustained economic growth. Second, countries should increase the productivity of small farmers in unfavorable environments [environments where hunger and famine are a problem]. Thirdly countries should improve basic infrastructu resto reduce the costs of doing business and overcome geographic barriers. The last three policies involve developing an industrial development policy, working on promoting democracy, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The World Bank concurs with these ideas, as does the World Trade Organization who state that poor people within a country generally gain from trade liberalization. The orthodox approach to development, portrayed by international regimes including the World Trade Organization, World Bank and United Nations involves liberalizing trade and creating empowerment in order to create faster economic growth, which in turn helps to alleviate poverty. This approach is both valid and sound, and has been proven to work in some countries, although not as quickly as the international regimes would like. As this approach is the dominant view, it is seen as more likely to work. However a number of development theorists have discovered problems within this dominant view. The idea that the free market can end hunger, if governments just get out of the way, is seen by some theorists as a myth. These theorists believe that the free-market-is-good/ government-is-bad view is far too simplistic and can never help address poverty and hunger. The top-down approach is seen as unlikely to work in most situations due to corrupt governments who will not let the wealth trickle down to those actually living in poverty. The theory of comparative advantage holds that nations should produce and export those goods and services in which they hold a comparative advantage and import those items that other nations could produce at a lower cost. The problem with this theory, which is also promoted by the World Bank, UN and IMF as a method for alleviating and reducing poverty, is that it falls apart when applied to the real world. Many countries living in absolute poverty can produce large amounts of coffee at a low cost to themselves, however since there are many producing, the price of coffee on the global market is forced downwards and these countries are producing more coffee for less money. These are just two examples of the kind of problems that make the orthodox method for development less viable. The alternative approach to development is argued by many NGOs like World Vision and the World Development Movement. The core concepts of this approach are the ideas that humans should learn to be self-reliant, that nature, cultural diversity and community-controlled commons (water, air, land, and forest) should be valued, and that democratic participation will help to reduce poverty. This approach relies on participation at the community level, working with local knowledge and technology to create a bottom-up approach to community development. It is a grassroots approach, focusing on helping individuals and communities become self-reliant. This approach is often argued by dependency theorists who believe that the structure of the global political economy essentially enslaves the less developed countries by making them dependent on the capitalist, liberal nations. The alternative approach to development is therefore seen by dependency theorists as one of the only ways to develop less developed countries. Much of the anti-globalist campaign is directed at organizations like the World Bank and IMF because their policies encourage less developed countries to become dependent on foreign aid and investment which continues the poverty and hunger within the less developed countries. Although the alternative approach to development also seems sound and viable, it lacks monetary value and places too much emphasis on the power of communities to change governments. Neither approach is perfect in its methods for the alleviation and reduction of poverty. I believe it is a combination of the orthodox and alternative approaches that really has the ability to help reduce poverty in todays world. The orthodox approach focuses too narrowly on money and capital, while the alternative approach believe too heavily in the power of communities to affect change at a national level. I therefore believe that international regimes, like the World Bank and United Nations, should attempt to affect changes at the state level, working to create democratic governments. Non-Governmental Organizations should continue to work at the grass roots level, affecting changes for the individuals and communities while helping them to become self-reliant. This approach is not without problems and cannot be called easy, but I believe it deals with both the individuals and the state at the levels needed and could help to halve the number of people living in poverty by 2015. Ther e are no perfect answers for development. Poverty is a complex issue. The key is that we do not ignore those living in poverty but help, in whatever way we believe is best. We are obliged to try our hardest to make circumstances better for them. http://www.vuwcu.orconhosting.net.nz/warp/poverty.htm

The Abominable Pig by Marvin Harris Essay -- Abominable Pig Marvin Har

The Abominable Pig by Marvin Harris Is it possible that the almighty God is wrong? The bible explicitly states, in no questionable terms that whatever is of the hoof and is cloven footed and chews the cud among animals, you may eat. Obviously, the pig has fallen short of the statement’s requirements, hence the reason why, Marvin Harris author of the article â€Å"The Abominable Pig,† has opted to explore the reasons why this is the case as his central argument. Harris does not seek to completely refute this theory; in fact, even though he pinpoints certain flaws in the biblical proclamation, he scrutinizes the reasons why God has chosen to isolate this particular animal, for it is no more a carrier of disease than any other. Harris contends that if the statement is reworded to state, â€Å"Flesh of swine thou shalt not eat until the pink has been cooked from,† and then that would have sufficed as opposed to eradicating its use completely. Firstly, Harris looks at the Old Testament’s characterization of the pig and then compares it to a trichinosis perspective (which is a di...

Instructional Design :: essays research papers

The ultimate goal of Instructional Design is to quickly and effectively teach people a new skill, or system of thinking. Elliot Masie, editor of TechLearn Trends, suggests  ¡Ã‚ §all training is about behavioral stimulation that changes human beings on some level. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Masie, 1998, p. 14) This is a tall order  ¡Ã‚ §to change human beings ¡Ã‚ ¨, and therefore, any professional instructor that accepts this challenge must ask plenty of fundamental questions first. These essential questions are part of a process known as Needs Assessment. This critical front-end work is going to 1. Provide information about audience capabilities and preparedness. 2. Establish that, indeed, there is a need for training. 3. Reveal information regarding the company culture. An instructor needs this information to choose tools for the program; the more you know your audience, both customer and learners, the more successful the program will be. There are several need assessment models to follow, but I will use  ¡Ã‚ §The Zemke-Kramlinger Model of the Major Human and Organizational Factors that Affect People Performance in an Organization ¡Ã‚ ¨. Their model asks hard questions in three different categories: Performer Skills „h What Abilities „h What Skill Level „h Job Knowledge „h Objective „h Needs Company Support „h Objective „h Expectations „h Reward „h Punishment „h Feedback „h Support Corporate Culture „h History „h Mission „h Goals „h Strategy „h Tactics „h Plans Without this information, the designer is only guessing. Once a designer is confident the needs assessment has provided a solid foundation to start building a program, different tools, or media, should be considered. The variety of tools ranges from simple (print) to high tech (satellite dish communication). The American Society for Training and Development has published a book that outlines an eight-step process for assisting in selection of the proper tools. The steps are as follows: 1. Understand all the training tools available with the benefits and drawbacks of their use. 2. List the media delivery that WILL WORK FOR YOUR AUDIENCE AT THEIR CAPABILITY LEVEL. 3. Evaluate your media list with the goals of training, and level of audience in mind. 4. Conduct a cost comparison. 5. Synthesize findings and establish  ¡Ã‚ §core media ¡Ã‚ ¨. 6. Consider auxiliary media that would augment your  ¡Ã‚ §core media ¡Ã‚ ¨. 7. Identify any implementation issues, organizational requirements, or technical limitations which could prevent successful use of your  ¡Ã‚ §core media ¡Ã‚ ¨. 8. Prepare your conclusion in a formal report for management. With all the preparation out of the way, just what tools are we talking about? Here is a list of possibilities: Manuals Handouts Video Tape Overheads Data Bases CD Rom Interactive Video Conference Internet Computer Base Training Satellite Distance Learning With information on the objectives, learners, the company, budget, constraints etc.

An Evaluation of My Writing :: Teaching Education Essays

An Evaluation of My Writing What Dana is; insightful. What Dana's writing hasn't been; insightful. So what does this mean? It means, that Dana has been missing from her own writings. She has been absent, and non-existent. Dana has a voice that goes unheard, and she possesses a style which has conformed instead of expanded. Her previous writing has epitomized nothingness. It resembles a cosmic soup, void of expression and individuality. There is no doubt that Dana needs to be found, and she should be pictured on the back of milk cartons with the word MISSING typed in bold letters if necessary, because her writing doesn't give any evidence that she even exists. But wait just a minute! There's been word that she's just wrapped up a quarter of expository writing, and she could be saved. This is something to be thankful for because the threat of colorless, lifeless, and uninteresting writing might be gone. We should all be rejoicing because one more writer has seen beyond the theme and converted to a style that exce eds that of the Official Style. Dana's earlier work was dry from start to finish. Her introductory paragraphs never grabbed the reader because they started out so slowly. The purpose of her own papers even seemed unclear to her, as if she wasn't completely aware of where she was headed with her thoughts and ideas. Perhaps this is so obvious because what she was writing, was written in such a way, that it didn't even remotely resemble her own communication style. Dana seemed content writing to accommodate the expectations of the person she was writing for, rather than writing to satisfy her own expectations. It was very noticeable, even in the first sentences of her introductory paragraphs, that she purposely tip-toed around issues she could have addressed including the issues in her theme papers. Dana is not the person, style, or voice, that she portrays in her papers. Dana seems to have been taught to believing that writing quality is measured by a word choice that is high caliber, eloquent, and sophisticated. I know this girl, and she doesn't use the big two dollar words in her everyday conversations, however, she uses them without discrimination in her writing. Someone, somewhere along the road of her bumpy academic career, has fed her, the very familiar, Official Style myth. It is obvious she gets sick of talking at her readers, attempting to sound like an expert, know-it-all politician. An Evaluation of My Writing :: Teaching Education Essays An Evaluation of My Writing What Dana is; insightful. What Dana's writing hasn't been; insightful. So what does this mean? It means, that Dana has been missing from her own writings. She has been absent, and non-existent. Dana has a voice that goes unheard, and she possesses a style which has conformed instead of expanded. Her previous writing has epitomized nothingness. It resembles a cosmic soup, void of expression and individuality. There is no doubt that Dana needs to be found, and she should be pictured on the back of milk cartons with the word MISSING typed in bold letters if necessary, because her writing doesn't give any evidence that she even exists. But wait just a minute! There's been word that she's just wrapped up a quarter of expository writing, and she could be saved. This is something to be thankful for because the threat of colorless, lifeless, and uninteresting writing might be gone. We should all be rejoicing because one more writer has seen beyond the theme and converted to a style that exce eds that of the Official Style. Dana's earlier work was dry from start to finish. Her introductory paragraphs never grabbed the reader because they started out so slowly. The purpose of her own papers even seemed unclear to her, as if she wasn't completely aware of where she was headed with her thoughts and ideas. Perhaps this is so obvious because what she was writing, was written in such a way, that it didn't even remotely resemble her own communication style. Dana seemed content writing to accommodate the expectations of the person she was writing for, rather than writing to satisfy her own expectations. It was very noticeable, even in the first sentences of her introductory paragraphs, that she purposely tip-toed around issues she could have addressed including the issues in her theme papers. Dana is not the person, style, or voice, that she portrays in her papers. Dana seems to have been taught to believing that writing quality is measured by a word choice that is high caliber, eloquent, and sophisticated. I know this girl, and she doesn't use the big two dollar words in her everyday conversations, however, she uses them without discrimination in her writing. Someone, somewhere along the road of her bumpy academic career, has fed her, the very familiar, Official Style myth. It is obvious she gets sick of talking at her readers, attempting to sound like an expert, know-it-all politician.

Police Personality Essay

The issue regarding the phrase â€Å"police personality† has acquired great debate. Arguably this has been primarily over the problem of definition and development. What is a police personality? How does it form? Is it a pre-existing condition, thus predisposing certain individuals to police work, or whether it is just a product of occupational socialization (on the job experiences). Perhaps the issue is not as simply dichotomous as that; conceivably it is an amalgam of both predispositions and experiences that shapes this intangible personality. Does this personality make them any different from the general population which they vowed to â€Å"serve and protect†? How do these attitudes and affect not only himself and the department he belongs to but also the police-community relation in general? These are some questions relating to the issue of police personality that will be answered along the way. To start with, how do we define â€Å"police personality†? There are a few who made several models or theories about this idea. According to G.A. Kelly (1955), personality is our abstraction of the activity of a person and our ensuing simplification of this abstraction to all matters of his relationship to other persons, known and unknown, as well as to anything else that may seem particularly valuable. His theory is based on the vantage point of personality as a personal construct model. G. Alport (1937), another theorist describes this as a three-pronged task for a certain individual: (1) self-objectification, (2) extension of self, (3) unifying philosophies of life. According to him, it can be further understood as a mixture of major and minor â€Å"traits† by which a single life is known and that a personality â€Å"trait† is a biological, psychological and social mixture that disposes a person toward specific kinds of action under specific circumstances. (Monte, 1999). With respect to the development of the police personality, Allport can be said to be adhering to the predisposition model-that a certain type of person becomes a police officer as opposed to the notion that job experiences shape the personality construct. A third psychologist, H. Kohut (1977) describes that normal development was a process of interaction between the growing infant and his mirroring and idealizing self-objects. This assumption tends to support the view that police personality is a mixture of the predisposition model and the experience model. But regardless of the process by which this certain personality has developed from, what are these traits that make up a police personality?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characteristics usually associated with police personalities in present times are machismo, bravery, authoritarianism, cynicism and aggression. Additional characteristics have been associated with police personalities as well: suspicious, solidaristic, conservative, alienated and thoroughly bigoted (Balch, Skolnick 1977). In movies like â€Å"Lethal Weapon† which stars Mel Gibson, we see an image of a cop that is not only brave and proficient—but a super cop, who can handle almost anything that goes in his way. The movie â€Å"Training Day† by acclaimed actor Denzel Washington also depicts a vicious, sadistic cop. Gone are the days when people picture cops as men in uniform, walking around the neighborhood helping children to get their pet cat down from a tree (a Boy Scout persona). Modern pop culture and the media have greatly helped the public’s perception of today’s policemen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Little is known about how these men undergo series of screenings in order to be accepted though. Before being hired, aspiring policemen go through several personality tests that determine whether they are capable enough to handle the job. Only men who display particular personality profiles (e.g. bravery, honesty, punctuality) are accepted to the force. But these screening, even with the help of psychologists, does not give us a clear picture of what police personality is all about. In contrast, it tells us what the police persona is NOT. There certain traits that make entry-level policemen unfit for the job. Examples are tardiness, excessive absences, alcoholism, and lack of assertiveness among many others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the successful ones however we can gather some commonalities in their traits that may help us define police personality. People who enter the force turn out to be psychologically healthy and competent young men who display common personality features. They are generally assertive and restless, with a high degree of physical energy. One trait that stands out from this however, is cynicism. Some professionals view cynicism as counterproductive and in due course, harmful not only to the individual but to the department as well. It said to that for the most part, it is a precursor to corruption, brutality, and misconduct for men in uniform. However, some also believe that, in recent years, findings show that cynicism is to be considered a police survival tool (Caplan, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The police personality based on Skolnick’s (1977) idea of the â€Å"working personality† is composed of three main elements: danger, authority, and efficiency. The dangerous nature of being a police officer not only draws officers closer together but also makes them alienated from the general population. The sense of authority by police officers, experienced by interacting with the public, further makes them feel isolated. So is the notion of efficiency in which the use deception as a means of getting the job done. Some experts believe though, that the idea of alienation is not intrinsic to police officers, it rather lies in the community’s perceptions of the policemen. It is important that the community and the force work hand in hand in trying to rid the locale of criminality. In countries that are just developing, criminal cases are usually very high. Thus, the police force must be able to transform their image as a widely feared and despised organization to a friendly and service-driven institution that works in close partnership with the community. This is especially hard when the image of a certain department for example is a corrupt and brutal one. People tend to generalize that idea, and view the force being corrupt and all as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Examining the psychological and sociological paradigms on police personality we get a clearer view of what makes the police men different from the rest of the population. The psychological paradigm posits that people with certain personalities are drawn to join the force (predisposition model). On the other hand, the sociological model suggests that these traits are developed along the way (based from the day to day experiences of police officers). Police personality, as a distinct entity, does exist. It exists as a result of the convergence of a specific baseline set of desirable personalities and work-related socialization. It is also a utility of, and is strongly characterized by, a police culture, shaped by the needs of officers to uphold personal safety and augment their professional potentials. (Twersky-Glasner, 2005). References    Allport, G. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Henry Holt. Balch, R., (1977). The police personality: Fact or fiction. In D.B. Kennedy (Ed.). The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Dysfunctional Alliance: Emotion and reason in justice administration.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (pp. 10-25). Cincinnati, OH. Anderson Publishing Company. Caplan, Joel. (2003). Police Cynicism: Police Survival Tool?. The Police Journal Vol. 76.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rutgers University. Skolnick, J., (1966). Justice without trial. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Twersky-Glasner, A. (2005). Police Personality: What Is It and Why Are They Like     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York.

College Dropouts Essay

It’s safe to assume that everyone who applies for college is taking the first step to improving their lives. We are not forced to go to college like we are grade school. It’s totally optional yet those of us who chose not to attend college are looked down upon in our society. Our generation is under immense pressure to succeed. The first step to success is usually defined by graduating from College and getting a degree. Those of us who chose to go to college away from home are taking a huge risk and testing our ability to be away from our safety zone. Many teenagers don’t realize that it’s a whole new world and they may not be ready to embrace it all at once. Even I often find myself a bit overwhelmed by all the new things I must adapt to. In high school, teachers and counselors were there to guide you, as high school classes are typically smaller than the entering freshman class. It’s a lot harder to get the personalized attention that you’ve been used to and that could turn people off quickly. Sometimes high school doesn’t really prepare students for college because they never get a realistic view of life. Even in high school you’re sheltered and teachers constantly remind you of assignments. Professors won’t waste their time reminding a student of their assignments. You receive a syllabus and they expect you to be aware of all the readings and upcoming assignments. Many turn to the social scene when work is too hard. Eleanor Roosevelt once said,† With freedom comes responsibility. † Some students have lack of self control and have difficulty balancing work and fun. They get stressed out in class and decide to just go out and party instead of doing their homework. Without a college degree it’s hard find a well paying job. During our parents generation it was probably easier to find a job whether you had a high school degree or not. Now those with just high school degrees are lucky to find jobs at fast food restaurants. Times are changing and for the better but the number of college dropouts is still on the rise. A variety of causes lead to the effects of college dropouts. These causes range from internal conflicts within the student to external causes that they can not control. A college degree is very necessary and could determine whether or not a student will be able to support themselves and their future family. I contemplated withdrawing my first few weeks of college because of personal problems. I found it difficult to concentrate in class because of all the things that were going on. I started talking to a counselor and if it wasn’t for him I would have given up those first two weeks. He told me that giving up now was a waste of my life because I’d been in â€Å"training† my whole life for this higher education. I’m glad that I decided to stay and one day when my children attended college I will be understanding of all the things that could cause a student to want to drop out.

Medicine and business: a practitioner’s guide Essay

The retail sector is one of the major contributors in the economy of the United Kingdom. The sector constitutes a major percentage of the country’s GDP. Sainsbury’s and Tesco companies are among the major contributors of the country’s GDP in the retail industry (Lewis 1990, p.386). This paper seeks to examine in a detailed analysis the performance, efficiency and ability of the two companies to meet the immediate obligations when due over the last three financial periods. The report shows a comparison of the two companies in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The analysis is based on the use of financial ratios where profitability, liquidity, working capital and investment ratios. Profitability ratios will be used to compare the performance of the two companies, in the light of return on equity (ROE), return on capital employed (ROCE), net profit margin and gross profit margin. The liquidity ratios that will be utilized include; acid test and the current ratio. The ratio will be geared at examining the ease at which the companies effectively convert assets into cash while the working capital ratios will assess the rate at which the current assets such as stock circulate in the companies (Richards 1980, p. 35). Objectives             This paper targets to present a detailed analysis over the performance of the two companies and routine operations; therefore the main objectives of this paper are: To compare the performance of the two companies over the last three years To detail recommendations for both companies on the basis of the ratios computed and their implications to the companies and the economy as a whole. Research methodology             The paper will explore the performances of both companies by utilizing ratio analysis. In order to be in a position to undertake this examination, financial statements of both companies over the last three years will be extracted and ratios computed using the information. The results of this report will be expressed in terms of pounds. Financial extracts Tesco Company Income statement For the years 2014, 2013 & 2012 (pounds) 22/02/2014 23/02/2013 25/02/2012 (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) Revenue: 63,557.00 63,406.00 63,916.00 Operating Profit / (Loss): 2,631.00 2,382.00 4,182.00 Net Interest: (432.00) (397.00) (235.00) PBT: 2,259.00 2,057.00 4,038.00 PAT from continuing operations: 1,912.00 1,528.00 3,164.00 Discontinued Operations: PAT from discontinuing operations: (942.00) (1,504.00) (350.00) Profit for the period: 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 Attributable to: Equity holders of parent company: 974.00 28.00 2,806.00 Minority Interests / Other Equity: (4.00) (4.00) 8.00 Total Dividend Paid: c 14.76 c 14.76 c 14.76 Tesco Company Statement of financial position As at 2014, 2013 & 2012 (pounds) 22/02/2014 23/02/2013 25/02/2012 (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) Assets Non-Current Assets Property, Plant & Equipment: 24,490.00 24,870.00 25,710.00 Intangible Assets: 3,795.00 4,362.00 4,618.00 Investment Properties: 227.00 2,001.00 1,991.00 Investments: 1,301.00 1,312.00 1,949.00 Other Financial Assets: 4,706.00 4,430.00 3,627.00 Other Non-Current Assets: 73.00 58.00 23.00 Current Assets Inventories: 3,576.00 3,744.00 3,598.00 Trade and Other Receivables: 2,190.00 2,525.00 2,657.00 Cash at Bank & In Hand: 2,506.00 2,512.00 2,305.00 Current Asset Investments: 1,016.00 522.00 1,243.00 Other Current Assets: 3,797.00 3,162.00 2,550.00 Other Assets: 2,487.00 631.00 510.00 Total Assets: 50,164.00 50,129.00 50,781.00 Liabilities Current Liabilities Borrowings: 1,910.00 766.00 1,838.00 Other Current Liabilities: 18,296.00 17,937.00 17,342.00 Non-Current Liabilities Borrowings: 9,303.00 10,068.00 9,911.00 Provisions: 777.00 1,278.00 1,260.00 Other Non-Current Liabilities: 3,963.00 3,137.00 2,560.00 Other Liabilities: 1,193.00 282.00 69.00 Total Liabilities: 35,442.00 33,468.00 32,980.00 Net Assets: 14,722.00 16,661.00 17,801.00 Capital & reserves Share Capital: 405.00 403.00 402.00 Share Premium Account: 5,080.00 5,020.00 4,964.00 Other Reserves: (498.00) 685.00 245.00 Retained Earnings: 9,728.00 10,535.00 12,164.00 Shareholders’ Funds: 14,715.00 16,643.00 17,775.00 Minority Interests / Other Equity: 7.00 18.00 26.00 Total Equity: 14,722.00 16,661.00 17,801.00 Retrieved from; Hargreaves Lansdown. ‘Tesco Plc | Financial Statements & Reports’. N.P., 2014. Web. 31 Dec. 2014. Sainsbury’s plc.Income statement For the years ended 2014, 2013 & 2012 15/03/2014 16/03/2013 17/03/2012 (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) Revenue: 23,949.00 23,303.00 22,294.00 Operating Profit / (Loss): 1,009.00 882.00 874.00 Net Interest: (139.00) (134.00) (103.00) PBT: 898.00 772.00 799.00 PAT from continuing operations: 716.00 602.00 598.00 Profit for the period: 716.00 602.00 598.00 Attributable to: Equity holders of parent company: 716.00 602.00 59.00 Total Dividend Paid: c 17.30 c 16.70 c 16.00 Sainsbury’s plc.Statement of financial position As at 2014, 2013 & 2012 15/03/2014 16/03/2013 17/03/2012 (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) Assets Non-Current Assets Property, Plant & Equipment: 9,880.00 9,804.00 9,329.00 Intangible Assets: 286.00 171.00 160.00 Investments: 404.00 532.00 566.00 Other Financial Assets: 283.00 236.00 215.00 Other Non-Current Assets: 1,318.00 38.00 38.00 12,171.00 10,781.00 10,308.00 Current Assets Inventories: 1,005.00 987.00 938.00 Trade and Other Receivables: 433.00 306.00 286.00 Cash at Bank & In Hand: 1,592.00 517.00 739.00 Other Current Assets: 1,332.00 91.00 69.00 Other Assets: 7.00 13.00 N/A Total Assets: 16,540.00 12,695.00 12,340.00 Liabilities Current Liabilities Borrowings: 534.00 165.00 150.00 Other Current Liabilities: 6,231.00 2,950.00 2,986.00 Non-Current Liabilities Borrowings: 2,250.00 2,617.00 2,617.00 Provisions: 256.00 316.00 349.00 Other Non-Current Liabilities: 1,264.00 809.00 609.00 Total Liabilities: 10,535.00 6,857.00 6,711.00 Net Assets: 6,005.00 5,838.00 5,629.00 Capital & reserves Share Capital: 545.00 541.00 538.00 Share Premium Account: 1,091.00 1,075.00 1,061.00 Other Reserves: 807.00 820.00 315.00 Retained Earnings: 3,560.00 3,401.00 3,715.00 Shareholders’ Funds: 6,003.00 5,837.00 5,629.00 Minority Interests / Other Equity:2.00 1.00 N/A Total Equity: 6,005.00 5,838.00 5,629.0 Retrieved from; Hargreaves Lansdown. ‘Sainsbury (J) Plc | Financial Statements & Reports’. N.P., 2014. Web. 31 Dec. 2014. Ratio Analysis Profitability ratios             These ratios indicate company’s profitability status. They determine the capacity of a company to generate returns to compensate the providers of capital. Using the data extracted, return on capital employed, gross profit margin and net profit margin are computed below; Return on equity This ratio is an indicator of the returns that a company generates out of the owners’ equity. Return on equity (ROE) = (Net income/equity capital) * 100 (ALBRECHT 2007, p. 234) Return on capital employed             Return on capital employed is used to indicate how a company is able to generate income to service the providers of capital employed. The ratio can be used to compare profitability of a firm within successive periods to evaluate profitability and predict future failure.The ratio is computed as follows; Return on capital employed = (profit before interest and tax/ capital employed) * 100 (COLES 1997, p. 32) Net profit margin This ratio measures the return per pound of sales a company earns. It is computed through the following formula; Net profit margin = (Net income / sales revenue)* 100 (GITMAN 2008, p. 492) Where, net income is obtained by Lessing total operating expenses from the sales revenue. Gross profit margin This ratio indicates the returns of the company after taking into consideration the costs of production incurred. It is calculated as follows; Gross profit margin = (Gross profit/ sales revenue) * 100(KHAN 2007, p.10) Below is a summary of the ratios; Ratio TESCO SAINSBURY’S 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 ROE 23.5% 14.3% 17.9% 15.5% 15.1% 16.8% ROCE 12.8% 6.5% 7.5% 8.7% 8.1% 9.2% Net profit margin 6.5% 3.8% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 4.2% GP margin 8.4% 6.6% 6.3% 5.4% 5.5% 5.8% Liquidity ratios These are ratios that measure the speed at which a company is able to convert its assets into cash or its equivalents (BUCCI 2014, p.71). They explain how fast a company can turn its current assets into cash so as to meet the current obligations. There are two types of liquidity ratios namely; current ratio and acid test ratio. Current ratio It indicates the ability of the company to convert its assets into cash or cash equivalents. The ratio is computed as follows; Current ratio = current assets/ current liabilities (times) Acid test ratio Acid test ratio also known as quick ratio is a measure that examines the capacity of a company to settle its immediate obligations from own current assets without selling stock. It is computed through the following formula; Acid test ratio = (current assets- inventories)/ current liabilities (TRACY 2011, p.287) The table below is a summary of the ratios computed using the financial data extracted; Ratio TESCO SAINSBURY’ Liquidity ratio 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 Current ratio 0.64 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.64 Acid test ratio 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.35 0.26 0.50 Working capital ratios             These are ratios that indicate the efficiency of a company to utilize its assets. They are also referred to as asset management ratios or asset turn over ratios. The commonly used ratios are; receivables turnover, payables turn over and inventory turnover (TALEKAR 2005, p.85). Receivables turnover This is a measure of how fast a company collects its funds from the debtors. It is calculated on the basis of the following formula; Receivables turnover = annual credit sales/accounts receivables It is reported in terms of number of days that sales made on credit remain with debtors before collection. Therefore; Average collection period = (accounts receivables/annual credit sales) * 365 days The ratio can also be expressed as; average collection period = 365 days / Receivables turnover (BOOKER 2006, p. 4). Inventory turnover             This is a ratio of the cost of goods sold to the average inventory. Cost of goods sold comprises of opening stock add purchases less closing stock while average inventory is the mean of opening and closing inventory. It is expressed in terms of days. Inventory turnover= cost of goods sold (COS) / Average inventory Therefore; Inventory period = 365/ inventory turnover Payables turnover This ratio indicates the period that the company takes to pay its creditors. It is defined by; Payables turnover = annual credit purchases/ accounts payables It is also expressed in terms of day. Therefore; Average payment period = 365 days / payables turnover. The table below is a summary of the asset ratios of the two companies; Ratio TESCO SAINSBURY’S 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 Receivables turnover 15.2 14.5 12.6 4.7 4.8 6.7 Inventory turnover 11.2 11.5 11.0 8.1 8.2 8.1 Payables turnover 10.8 11.0 11.2 5.2 4.9 10.1 Investment ratios These are ratios that help investors to evaluate the returns of their investments. Common investment ratios include; Earnings per share (EPS) Dividend payout ratio Dividend yield ratio Dividend payout ratio This ratio measures the part of earning that a company gives out to shareholders as dividends. It is computed as follows: Dividend payout ratio = (total dividends declared for the year/ earnings available for dividends) * 100 (GEDDES 2002, p. 14). Where; earning available for dividends is the profit after tax and preference dividends. Dividend yield This relates the returns from a share to its market value. It assists investors to assess the returns from their investments. It is worked out as follows: Dividend yield = (dividend per share/ market value per share) * 100 Earnings per share             EPS indicates the proportion of the company’s earnings that are attributable to the ordinary shareholders that have been generated during the period. The earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders are denoted by the profit after tax. EPS = Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders/ Number of ordinary shareholders. It is an important indicator of company’s performance in terms of the earning power of the shares. However, comparing performance of companies based on EPS is inefficient since some companies may choose to issue more shares. Companies can also choose to increase or decrease the number of issued shares leading to an automatic alteration of the EPS. Ratio TESCO SAINSBURY’S 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 EPS 38.25 18.04 22.56 32.10 33.00 35.37 39.20 19.05 22.70 30.40 31.22 36.67 40.41 33.67 31.67 26.18 29.45 31.56 Dividend payout ratio 0.5 61.5 1.5 27.1 2.8 2.4 Uses of ratios             Various groups of individuals are interested with the analysis of financials of companies. They use ratios to work out specific financial features of a company that they are interested in. they help individuals in the following ways; To determine profitability: profitability ratios indicate the capacity of companies to generate profits. Ratios help the management to estimate the earning power of the company’s assets. To assess solvency: gearing ratios are used to assess company’s ability to service its debts. They show the relationship between assets and liabilities. A high gearing ratio is an indicator that the company is likely to land into financial problems in the future. They assist in the analysis of financials: Ratios assist stakeholders such as banks, shareholders and creditors to assess the profitability, liquidity and the capacity of companies to pay dividends. Forecasting purposes: financial ratios reflect the trend of the company. Such trends are important for forecasting the future of the company. Past years ratios are used to estimate the future therefore ratios are an important tool of preparing budgets and forecast statements. Limitations of ratio analysis             Despite the overwhelming usefulness of financial ratios, they are characterized by many drawbacks. To begin with, ratios are based on historical data. They are computed using historical financials but not pro forma statement. This poses a great challenge since the financials reflect the past financial position not the current situation. Ratios can thus lead to wrong decision making since what is true now may not be reflected by the past data. Decision making that is based on financial ratios may thus be misleading especially for material items and transactions. Ratios are also computed using financial statements that are normally prepared under accounting principles and policies. Different companies embrace varying policies and principles. The policies also vary with time within the same company. Owing to these variations, it becomes challenging to compare performance of different companies or even the performance of the same company over successive periods. Inflation and seasonal factors also threaten the validity and reliability of ratio analysis. Inflation impacts greatly on the financial statements just like seasonal factors such as economic cycles. Ratios are computed on the basis of historical financial statements which do not take into account the effects of price level changes and seasonal variations. Making decisions on the basis of financial ratios can thus be misleading. Conclusion and recommendation             Over the three years covered by this analysis, it can be seen that Tesco performed better than Sainsbury’s in terms of profitability, working capital ratios and investment ratios. The two companies are however characterized by falling liquidity ratios. To improve this trend, they should liquidate their cash efficiently through the capacity to convert current assets into cash quickly without necessarily selling their inventory. The profitability ratios of Tesco also observed to be declining over the period examined. The company thus should consider ways of improving its profitability such as cutting major costs of production or through increasing sales volume. References Albrecht, w. S., stice, e. K., & stice, j. D. (2007). Financial accounting. Mason, oh, thomson/south-western. Booker, j. (2006). Financial planning fundamentals. Toronto, cch canadian limited. Bucci, r. V. (2014). Medicine and business: a practitioner’s guide. Http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1697730. Coles, m. (1997). Financial management for higher awards. Oxford, heinemann.Geddes, r. (2002). Valuation and investment appraisal. Canterbury, financial world publ.Gitman, l. J., & mcdaniel, c. D. (2008). The future of business: the essentials. Mason, oh, thomson south-western. Hargreaves lansdown,. ‘Sainsbury (j) plc | financial statements & reports’. N.p., 2014. Web. 31 dec. 2014.Hargreaves lansdown,. ‘Tesco plc | financial statements & reports’. N.p., 2014. Web. 31 dec. 2014.Khan, m. Y., & jain, p. K. (2007). Financial management. New delhi, tata mcgraw-hill. Talekar, s. D. (2005). Management of working capital. New delhi, discovery pub. House.Tracy, j. A. (2011). Accounting for dummies. New york, ny, john wiley & sons. Http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201410263287. Source document

Education Is Not Luxury

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